ABSTRACT
Programmed necrosis or necroptosis is an alternative form of cell death that is executed through a caspase-independent pathway. Necroptosis has been implicated in many pathological conditions. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of necroptotic signaling has been shown to confer neuroprotection after traumatic and ischemic brain injury. Therefore, the necroptotic pathway represents a potential target for neurological diseases that are managed by neurosurgeons. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of necroptotic signaling pathways and explore the role of necroptotic cell death in craniocerebral trauma, brain tumors, and cerebrovascular diseases.
Subject(s)
Humans , Apoptosis/physiology , Brain Injuries/therapy , Cerebrovascular Disorders/therapy , Necrosis/therapy , Receptors, Death Domain/physiology , Brain Injuries/pathology , Brain Injuries/physiopathology , Cell Death , Cerebrovascular Disorders/pathology , Cerebrovascular Disorders/physiopathology , Death Domain Receptor Signaling Adaptor Proteins/physiology , Hydroxycholesterols/pharmacology , Necrosis/physiopathology , Neuroprotective Agents/antagonists & inhibitors , Signal Transduction/physiology , Toll-Like Receptors/physiologyABSTRACT
Hepatitis C is a worldwide endemic disease, affecting roughly 200 million people. It has a variable prognosis, depending on the progression to fibrosis. During the last five years, the importance of apoptosis for the pathogenesis of various diseases, including hepatitis, has been recognized. It has been suggested that an increase in T cell-apoptosis during a hepatitis C virus infection is the cause of impaired regulation of the immune cellular response, helping to maintain infection. Thus, the interest in discovering the probable mechanisms by which the hepatitis C virus perpetuates in the liver, and to determine the conditions that predispose for progression of this disease, makes investigation of apoptosis in hepatic injury of great interest. We have made an overview of the various mechanisms by which the cell, more specifically the hepatic cell, is affected by apoptosis, and how it interacts with the hepatitis C virus and the immune system.